The deal, which has taken almost two years to finalise after it was announced by Manmohan Singh and George W. Bush in Washington, is likely to face tough questions from the US Congress, which now has to approve it. India is not a signatory to the international nuclear non-proliferation treaty.

In a statement on Friday President Bush said that the deal marked an important step in "deepening our strategic partnership with India - a vital world leader."

Nicholas Burns, the US undersecretary of state, who led the often difficult negotiations with his Indian counterparts, said it removed the "fundamental roadblock" in the way of a full global partnership between the world's largest democracy and its richest.

It is believed to be the first time an animal has been genetically engineered to have a mental illness. Until now they have been bred only for research into physical conditions such as heart disease. It will allow researchers to study the disease and develop treatments using a limitless supply of laboratory animals.

Animal rights campaigners have condemned the research, saying that it is morally repugnant to create an animal doomed to mental suffering. The mice were created by modifying their DNA to mimic a mutant gene first found in a Scottish family with a high incidence of schizophrenia, which affects about one in every 100 people. The mice's brains were found to have features similar to those of humans with schizophrenia, such as depression and hyperactivity.

"These mutant mice may provide an important new tool for further study of the combinations of factors that underlie mental illnesses like schizophrenia and mood disorders," said Takatoshi Hikida, of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, a leading researcher.

The egg cells of mice were genetically modified by inserting a gene associated with schizophrenia into their DNA. The eggs were fertilised and grown into viable baby mice using surrogate mothers. Animal Aid, a campaign group, said rodents were not a reliable way of modelling human disease.

Simon McDonald, the prime minister's chief foreign policy adviser, left the impression that he was "doing the groundwork" for Gordon Brown, according to one of those he consulted. Brown, who arrives at Camp David in Maryland today to meet President George W Bush, said yesterday that "the relationship with the United States is our single most important bilateral relationship".

Downing Street remains emphatic that he will not unveil a plan to withdraw British troops, who are due to remain in southern Iraq until the Iraqi army is deemed capable of maintaining security. A spokesman said there had been no change in the government's position. Behind the scenes, however, American officials are picking up what they believe are signals that a change of British policy on Iraq is imminent.

McDonald, a senior diplomat who formerly ran the Iraq desk at the Foreign Office, was in Washington this month to prepare for the summit. He asked a select group of US foreign policy experts what they believed the effect would be of a British pull-out from Iraq. "The general feeling was that he was doing the groundwork for a Brown conversation," said a source. Most of the experts felt it was a question of when, not if, Britain would leave.

Globalisation is blamed for many of the ills of the modern world, but it is also praised for bringing unprecedented prosperity. But what is globalisation, and what are the forces that are shaping it?

Many economists believe globalisation may be the explanation for key trends in the world economy such as:
-Lower wages for workers, and higher profits, in Western economies
-The flood of migrants to cities in poor countries
-Low inflation and low interest rates despite strong growth

Globalisation has played a key role in the unprecedented increase in prosperity in the last 50 years, which is now spreading from the United States and Europe to include many formerly poor countries in Asia, including China and India.

IN ECONOMIC TERMS, GLOBALISATION REFERS TO THE GROWING ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF THE WORLD, AS TRADE, INVESTMENT AND MONEY INCREASINGLY CROSS INTERNATIONAL BORDERS (WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT HAVE POLITICAL OR CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS).

Trade has been the engine of globalisation, with world trade in manufactured goods increasing more than 100 times (from $95bn to $12 trillion) in the 50 years since 1955, much faster than the overall growth of the world economy.

Since 1960, increased trade has been made easier by international agreements to lower tariff and non-tariff barriers on the export of manufactured goods, especially to rich countries. In the post-war years more and more of the global production has been carried out BY BIG MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES WHO OPERATE ACROSS BORDERS.

Multinationals have become increasingly global, locating manufacturing plants overseas in order to capitalise on cheaper labour costs or to be closer to their markets. And globalisation is even harder to track now that one-third of all trade is within companies, for example Toyota shipping car parts from Japan to the US for final assembly.

More recently, some multinationals like Apple have become "VIRTUAL FIRMS" outsourcing most of their production to other companies, mainly in Asia. Meanwhile in the US, the Democratic victory in the November Congressional elections had a lot to do with worries about the effect of globalisation on wages and jobs.

The speed and scale of economic change has made it increasingly DIFFICULT FOR GOVERNMENTS TO KEEP THEIR ECONOMIC DESTINY IN THEIR OWN HANDS. And what is most disturbing for many people is that NO-ONE SEEMS TO BE IN CHARGE, OR BE ABLE TO AGREE FAIR RULES for the new global economic order.

The key question is whether the growing globalisation of the world economy will lead to a parallel increase in global regulation - and whether that would be good or bad for world economic growth and equality.

Normal EU rules stipulating that documents must at least be in German, French and English have been suspended. AN OFFICIAL ENGLISH VERSION IS ONLY EXPECTED NEXT MONTH, WELL AFTER SUMMER RECESS BEGINS FOR PARLIAMENT.

Officials admitted to the newspaper that "CORNERS ARE BEING CUT" AND PARLIAMENTS ACROSS EUROPE HAVE BEEN SNUBBED IN THE RUSH TO SEAL A TREATY DEAL BY OCTOBER. "We believe it is a problem but we have a mandate that is tight."

THERE IS URGENCY. "Doing all this within six months is unprecedented and there are going to be real limitations to the process," one official told the paper. Shadow Foreign Secretary William Hague said "GORDON BROWN WANTS THE BRITISH PEOPLE TO KNOW AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE ABOUT THE MAJOR TRANSFER OF THEIR OWN POWERS TO BRUSSELS THIS TREATY WILL BRING ABOUT."

The budgets of these agencies have gone through the roof, so much so, indeed, that the European Parliament has started to raise concerns and has criticised the EUROPEAN COMMISSION sharply. The Chairman of the Budget Control Commission of the European Parliament, the Austrian Social Democrat, Herbert Basch, has said, "THE AGENCY - IT IS IN THE EU - IS GOBBLING UP OUR MONEY AND IT OPERATES IN A CONTROL-FREE SPACE."

EU agencies are usually free-standing authorities which deal with specific subjects like professional training or drug addiction. They are financed by taxpayers' money. There are currently twenty-three EU agencies and they consume a billion euros a year, according to Basch.

THE LAST SEVEN YEARS THE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN THESE AGENCIES HAS RISEN FROM 166 TO 3,737. Basch says, "The number of EU agencies has risen dramatically in recent years. THERE IS NO PROPER CONTROL OVER WHETHER ALL THESE AGENCIES ARE REALLY NECESSARY."

He cites the new agency for fundamental rights in Vienna, which has started off with 100 employees. It is supposed to oversee the protection of human rights in the EU but this is already done by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg and the Council of Europe to which it belongs.

Basch says, "A culture of irresponsibility is gaining ground. I really cannot see anyone who is taking responsibility for this - NO ONE KNOWS WHO IS IN CONTROL OF WHAT". Basch says, "There is hardly a European Council any more at which a new agency is not created."

This is not the only aspect of the Commission's policy which has attracted the attention and criticism of the Parliament committee. The number of permanent employees at the European Commission has increased by 16 per cent in the last seven years and now stands at 19,004. "THE NEED FOR THE MAJORITY OF THE NEW JOBS IS UNPROVEN," according to the speaker of the European People's Party parliamentary group in the European Parliament, Inge Graale.

THE REASON FOR SUCH AN ATTACK WOULD BE TO OBTAIN CONTROL OF RUSSIA'S OIL RESERVES IN SIBERIA . Major-General Alexander Vladimirov has said, "A war between Russia and the USA in the next ten or fifteen years is quite possible." Vladimirov says that the reason why Russia might be a target is that it is "THE MOST POWERFUL GEOPOLITICAL OPPONENT OF AMERICA AND IT HAS THE POWER TO EXTINGUISH THE USA IN 30 MINUTES."

"Apart from gaining control of the oil, America would also want to attack Russia in order to demonstrate its military power to the rest of the world" said General Vladimirov, Vice President of the College of Military Experts in Russia. THEIR GENERAL VIEW WAS THAT THE US DOES NOT LIKE RUSSIA, AND THAT A CONFRONTATION IS INEVITABLE.

The experts all said they thought that America was capable of going to war with Russia over natural resources. The experts discussed what ultimatums they thought the US might issue against Russia. They suggested that they might demand a change in the domestic political situation in Russia on the pretext that human rights were being violated there and in order to obtain access for Western companies to oil and gas resources.

They might demand the stationing of NATO peacekeepers in Russia or the secession of Kaliningrad or parts of the North Caucasus and the Caspian. Ivashov said the Americans might demand international control of Russia's gas and oil and some sort of NATO inspection regime for Russia's nuclear forces.

ACCORDING TO THE STRATEGISTS, THE ONLY THING WHICH WILL PREVENT SUCH A WAR IS RE-ARMAMENT. The experts differed, however, on the outcome of such a putative war. Yessin said it would lead to a nuclear winter while Vladimirov said that it would lead to a complete victory for Russia and to "the national collapse of the North American state."

This was put in place five years ago after it was found that China was selling the product in Europe below production cost. Among the ten states in favour of dropping the duties were free trade supporting countries like Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden. Nine member states, led by Germany, were against the move. The remaining eight said they needed more time to consider the plan.

The duties, which are up to 66.1 percent of the production price, have been in force since February 2001 and will expire on 15 October unless renewed. The plan to axe the duties could mean that energy saving light bulbs would become cheaper for consumers in Europe and help the bloc reach its climate change goals, set in February this year, to make an energy efficiency saving of 20 percent by 2020 and also to cut CO2 emissions by at least 20 percent in the same time period.

But there are also concerns that cheaper light bulbs from China could have an effect on the industry in Europe and lead to job losses. "We have to look at both sides," commission industry spokesman Ton van Lierop told EUobserver. EU industry commissioner Guenther Verheugen will make up his mind on the issue in the autumn, he said.

France, which rejected the original EU constitution in a referendum in 2005, has this time opted for treaty ratification via the parliament. But Mr Sarkozy may run into "unexpected problems" according to the EPC paper.
Before it can ratify the reform treaty, PARIS WILL FIRST HAVE TO MAKE CHANGES TO ITS OWN NATIONAL CONSTITUTION because it still contains direct references to the old EU constitutional treaty.

These references were agreed by French deputies in 2004, in the expectation that the EU constitution would soon come into force - before French voters said "no" to the treaty."It is true that the constitution should be changed," said a French official, adding that "this process should take place quickly during 2008." But in order to have the French constitution amended, Mr Sarkozy needs a three-fifths majority in the French 'Congress' - a body combining the country's national assembly and the senate.

For this he depends on the support of the opposition socialists. "The socialists are in a very difficult situation right now. They could use this opportunity to take revenge at Sarkozy and negotiate to the maximum," said Philippe Moreau Defarges, a senior analyst at the French Institute for International relations (IFRI).

Other governments in the EU, however, do need a three-fifths or two-thirds parliamentary majority to have the treaty ratified, the EPC paper points out.

IN AUSTRIA AND FINLAND there are "no signs" that a two-thirds majority will pose a problem, but Poland and the Czech Republic may prove more problematic, the paper notes.

WARSAW still needs to indicate what parliamentary procedure it wants to follow, but opposition support in parliament may prove crucial to pass a two-thirds threshold, with a eurosceptic party in Poland's ruling coalition recently saying it could vote against the treaty.

IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC, opposition support may also be necessary for a three-fifth majority.

An even bigger problem could be posed by possible referendums down the line, the think-tank argues. So far, only Ireland has officially announced that it will call a referendum, BUT OTHER MEMBER STATES ARE FACING PRESSURE TO DO THE SAME, INCLUDING THE UK, THE NETHERLANDS, THE CZECH REPUBLIC, PORTUGAL, DENMARK, SPAIN AND LUXEMBOURG.

"Much could depend on which country is first to ratify the new treaty - and whether any other member state apart from Ireland decides to call a referendum at an early stage in the process," according to the report.

"If that happens it will be increasingly difficult for those governments which find themselves in the 'grey area' to avoid having one."

The study, "Recommendations for Living at Superdensity," claims that schemes of between 62 and 210 homes per ACRE are increasingly common, and that architects and developers will need to consider a range of issues including the long range management of estates to ensure their success.

The Government is refusing to produce an official English translation of the text until after Parliament rises for the summer in mid-October. This follows a blanket refusal to discuss its negotiating position with MPs. The translation is available at: www.openeurope.org.uk/research/translation.pdf. An analysis is at: http://www.openeurope.org.uk/research/comparison.pdf

The Government's strategy for handling the revival of the European Constitution has been pretty badly undermined by a slew of other European leaders admitting that the new "treaty" is exactly the same as the old Constitution.

Key events
23 July Launch of IGC

7- 8 September Foreign Ministers' meeting

17-18 October Final agreement of text at European Council in Lisbon

October - Decisions on referendums in other member states

November - Queen's Speech - Parliamentary timetable set out

December - April '08 Legislation passing through Commons and Lords

EU is an empire. EU Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso has said of the EU: "We are a very special construction unique in the history of mankind. Sometimes I like to compare THE EU AS A CREATION TO THE ORGANISATION OF AN EMPIRE. WE HAVE THE DIMENSION OF AN EMPIRE." According to the Times, "Nervous aides to the former Portuguese Prime Minister inquired after his press conference whether this description might feature in British media reports."

Euro-facts - The EU is spending £3.8 billion a year on "propaganda" to win over its citizens. ( Times 2 July)
- EU fraud is costing taxpayers more than £1million for every working day, an 11% increase on last year, according to figures from the EU Commission. (Express 10 July)

It is a term that may be painfully relevant to our own times. BACK IN THE 1930s, THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES KNEW WHAT HITLER WAS DOING -- AND THEY KNEW THAT THEY HAD ENOUGH MILITARY SUPERIORITY AT THAT POINT TO STOP HIS MILITARY BUILD UP IN ITS TRACKS. BUT THEY DID NOTHING TO STOP HIM.

Instead, they turned to what is still the magic mantra today -- "NEGOTIATIONS." No leader of a democratic nation was ever more popular than British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain -- wildly cheered in the House of Commons by opposition parties as well as his own -- when he returned from negotiations in Munich in 1938 waving an agreement and declaring that it meant "peace in our time."

We know now how short that time was. Less than a year later, World War II began in Europe and spread across the planet, killing tens of millions of people and reducing many cities to rubble in Europe and Asia. Looking back after that war, Winston Churchill said, "THERE WAS NEVER A WAR IN ALL HISTORY EASIER TO PREVENT BY TIMELY ACTION." THE EARLIER IT WAS DONE, THE LESS IT WOULD HAVE COST. At one point, Hitler could have been stopped in his tracks "without the firing of a single shot," Churchill said. That point came in 1936 -- three years before World War II began -- when Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland, in violation of two international treaties.

At that point, France alone was so much more powerful than Germany that the German generals had secret orders to retreat immediately at the first sign of French intervention. AS HITLER HIMSELF CONFIDED, THE GERMANS WOULD HAVE HAD TO RETREAT "WITH OUR TAIL BETWEEN OUR LEGS," BECAUSE THEY DID NOT YET HAVE ENOUGH MILITARY FORCE TO PUT UP EVEN A TOKEN RESISTANCE.

Why did the French not act and spare themselves and the world the years of horror that Hitler's aggressions would bring? The French had the means but not the will. "Moral paralysis" came from many things. The death of a million French soldiers in the First World War and disillusionment with the peace that followed cast a pall over a whole generation. Pacifism became vogue among the intelligentsia and spread into educational institutions. As early as 1932, Winston Churchill said: "France, though armed to the teeth, is pacifist to the core." It was morally paralyzed.

History may be interesting but it is the present and the future that pose the crucial question: IS AMERICA TODAY THE FRANCE OF YESTERDAY? We know that Iran is moving swiftly toward nuclear weapons while the UNITED NATIONS IS MOVING SLOWLY -- OR NOT AT ALL -- TOWARD DOING ANYTHING TO STOP THEM.

THE IRANIAN LEADERS ARE NOT GOING TO STOP UNLESS THEY GET STOPPED. AND, LIKE HITLER, THEY DON'T THINK WE HAVE THE GUTS TO STOP THEM. Incidentally, Hitler made some of the best anti-war statements of the 1930s. He knew that this was what the Western democracies wanted to hear -- and that it would keep them morally paralyzed while he continued building up his military machine to attack them.

Iranian leaders today make only the most token and transparent claims that they are building "peaceful" nuclear facilities -- IN ONE OF THE BIGGEST OIL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD, WHICH HAS NO NEED FOR NUCLEAR POWER TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY. Nuclear weapons in the hands of Iran and its international terrorist allies will be a worst threat than Hitler ever was. But, before that happens, THE BIG QUESTION IS: ARE WE FRANCE? ARE WE MORALLY PARALYZED, PERHAPS FATALLY?

--Thomas Sowell is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institute and author of Basic Economics: A Citizen's Guide to the Economy.

The platform also calls for a just and agreed-upon resolution to the refugee problem on the basis of UN resolutions. The proposal, which was presented to PA ministers, requires the approval of the PA parliament.

Also, for the first time in the history of the PA, the government does not mention in its political program the Arabic word for "resistance" or "armed struggle." Instead, the guidelines remained committed to Abbas's platform of calling for "national opposition to the occupation" and therefore supported the Arab peace initiative.

Government sources expressed cautious optimism over the omission of "armed struggle" from the new proposed guidelines. "It is an important declaration and a basis for continuing cooperation with the PA government," Israel Radio quoted the sources as saying.

Hamas slammed the proposal and vowed that it would continue the armed struggle. The group's spokesman in Gaza, Ayman Taha, told Israel Radio that "no decision can erase the resistance to the occupation."

The agency, more familiar with involvement in international disaster zones such as the 2005 Pakistan earthquake, sent 400 by boat and all-terrain vehicles to stranded families in Gloucestershire. It expects to supply a further 800 in the coming days. The beleaguered town of Tewkesbury and its surrounding villages were the first beneficiaries from the packages, which contain enough food and "essential items" for one person to survive a week.

A spokesman said: "People cannot get out of their homes to get food and there are vulnerable people - the elderly and children - in need." The Red Cross packages contained five tins of canned fruit, a loaf of longlife bread, two packets of rye crackers, three cartons of long-life milk, a jar of savoury spread, three packets of plain biscuits, three tins of fish, three tins of meat, five tins of potatoes, two jars of sandwich spread, two packs of cereal bars, a torch, batteries, toilet paper, and one tube of sanitiser hand gel. A Red Cross spokesman said: "All the food has been donated by Tesco and we have chosen things that do not need to be cooked and have a nutritional value."

- Towns and cities could get their own weather forecasts accurate to within three square miles within a few years. The Met Office is developing a £120million computer that it hopes will pinpoint the direction of severe storms 12 hours before they strike.

In addition, some water bowsers in the town's run-down Hester's Way estate had bleach tipped in them, while others had simply been pushed over and the water spilled on the ground.

The youths are then said to have stood around laughing as desperate residents looked on in despair.
After police had been called in to guard the water, one angry resident said: "It's unbelievable that they think it's funny to put people's lives in danger.

"Everybody in Cheltenham is without water and desperate for any help they can get."